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Soybean in Poultry
The global population is increasing day by day, which results in a significant increment for global demand of food and feed (Parrini et al., 2023).
By 2050, it is estimated that the world population will be more than 9 billion people; subsequently agricultural production is expected to show an increment by 50% (Lombardi et al., 2021).
In poultry nutrition, protein feeds are one of the most expensive and limiting ingredient in diet formulations (Parisi et al., 2020) and one of the most important protein sources for poultry is soybean.
For this reason, the need for soybean is increasing day by day and soybean production is becoming more and more important especially in animal nutrition with a usage amount as 67% of the animal feed market (Pettigrew et al., 2002).
Soybean Production Statistics
Figure 1. World Total Annual Soybean Production (in million metric tons, FAOStat, 2023)
As can be seen more clearly in Figure 2, the United States and Brazil account for more than half of total soybean production. The 3rd largest producer is Argentina, followed by China. Other countries account for a much smaller share of total production. The largest producers, Brazil, the United States and Argentina, account for about 70% of total production.
Figure 2. Leading soybean producing countries worldwide (in million metric tons, Statista, 2024)
Soybean Nutrient Content and Use in Poultry Feeding
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a high quality protein source due to its favorable attributes such as relatively high protein content and suitable amino acid profile except methionine, minimal variation in nutrient content, ready availability year-round, and relative freedom from intractable antinutritive factors if properly processed.
The most important quality criteria’s for soybean are crude protein, moisture, KOH and crude oil contents.
In poultry nutrition, soybeans cannot be used directly in feed formulation due to its high oil content, cellulose in the hull and anti-nutritional factors.
They are then cooked, which greatly reduces the anti-nutritional actors, and then the oil is separated to produce soybean meal.
Therefore, the by-products of soybean as soybean meal and soybean oil is used in poultry nutrition, with an average value of 30% of diet.
Soybean is a rich source of vegetable protein in terms of the variety and amount of amino acids it contains.
Changes in Nutrient Content of Soybean Grown in Different Countries
The aim of this article was to determine the variation of crude protein and crude fat values of soybeans according to origin and to observe the differences in nutritional value between producing countries.
A total of 227 soybean samples from six countries of origin (Ukraine, Argentina, Brazil, USA, Paraguay and Uruguay) were analyzed for crude protein and crude oil content.
The crude protein content of soybean samples from 6 countries of origin (Ukraine, Argentina, Brazil, USA, Paraguay and Uruguay) varied between 30.7% and 38.8% when compared by country of origin. The lowest average crude protein content was observed in Ukraine origin soybeans with 33.9%, while the highest crude protein content was observed in USA origin soybeans with 35.6%.
Figure 3. The crude protein content of soybean by different countries
Crude protein content of soybeans grown in different countries is shown in Figure 3. As shown in the figure, crude protein content was lower in soybeans originating from Argentina (34.3%) and Ukraine (33.9%) compared to other countries (P<0.001).
Figure 4. The crude oil content of soybean by different countries
Crude oil content of soybeans grown in different countries is shown in Figure 4. As shown in the figure, the highest average oil content was observed in soybeans produced by Brazil (21.0%) and Paraguay (21.3%) (P<0.001).
Although the high nutritional value of soybean as a plant protein source provides an efficient usage in poultry nutrition, both the social and environmental impact of the soybean industry and genetically modified soybean production has led to a growth in demand for more sustainable alternative protein sources (Gkarane et al., 2020).
The production and supply of soybean are critical steps due to their environmental impact and feed/ food competition for land use.
At that point, recent scientific studies have focused on the usage possibilities of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae and the microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in nutrition (Schiavone et al., 2017; Park et al., 2018; Kawasaki et al., 2019; Smetana et al., 2019).
Conclusion
Crude oil and crude protein analyses of 227 samples collected from 6 different countries show that;