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Effects of Chronic Stress and Intestinal Inflammation on Commercial Poultry Health and Performance: Part II
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: MODELS AND BIOMARKERS
There is a delicate balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant production during homeostasis, but chronic inflammation promotes an overabundance of ROS molecules, which can be severely damaging.
Extracellular pathogens that are too large for phagocytosis are targeted by ROS (Griffiths, 2005).
When stimulated, RNS target intracellular/phagocytosed pathogens, extracellular pathogens, and tumor cells.
Macrophages, the primary producers of ROS and RNS, detect and activate to eliminate bacterial infection via LPS recognition, a necessary and beneficial host mechanism (Lauridsen, 2019).
However, prolonged exposure to high doses of LPS triggers inflammatory mediators (cytokine cascade), causing oxidative stress (Figure 2 & Figure 3).
Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that all forms of chronic stress (biological, nutritional, physical, chemical, or psychological) induce prolonged inflammation (Khansari et al., 2009).
In the GIT, chronic inflammation affects the integrity of the intestinal barrier by disrupting tight junction proteins leading to increased intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”) (Fasano, 2020), causing bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation (Ilan, 2012).
Researchers may use enteric inflammation models in a laboratory setting to examine alternative growth promoters and dietary supplements for poultry. Several intestinal inflammatory models have been developed, including:
High NSP diets
Dexamethasone
Dextran sodium sulfate
Feed restriction/ fasting
Heat stress
Gut integrity relies on its barrier function, which can be compromised by various stressors such as oxidative stress, certain components in soy, indigestible proteins, heat stress, and infections like histomonosis.
The removal of antimicrobial growth boosters has led to new multifactorial diseases in broilers, causing significant health and performance issues.
Dysbacteriosis, characterized by an imbalanced gut microbiota, leads to issues like reduced nutrient absorption, inflammation, and leaky gut, negatively impacting gut health.
Poor gut health is linked to conditions such as bacterial chondronecrosis, osteomyelitis lesions, and lameness in broiler chickens.
The gut barrier plays a cru...
