Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. These compounds frequently contaminate poultry feed, especially grains like corn and wheat, posing a serious but often overlooked threat to poultry health and farm profitability.
Subclinical exposure: a silent threat
While acute mycotoxicosis is rare due to improved feed monitoring, chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins is widespread. Birds may not show visible symptoms, but the toxins can impair organ function, reduce productivity, and compromise immunity.
Impact on feed efficiency and growth
One of the most significant hidden costs is reduced feed conversion efficiency. Mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins can decrease feed intake and nutrient absorption, leading to slower growth and increased feed costs per kilogram of meat or eggs produced.
Immune suppression and disease susceptibility
Mycotoxins weaken the immune system, making birds more vulnerable to infections. This increases the need for veterinary treatments and raises the risk of disease outbreaks, which can further reduce productivity and increase mortality.
Reproductive and organ health effects
In breeding flocks, mycotoxins like zearalenone have been linked to reduced fertility, poor hatchability, and embryonic mortality. Additionally, aflatoxins and ochratoxins can damage the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, affecting overall bird health.
Economic consequences
The economic impact of mycotoxins is often underestimated because the losses are gradual and multifactorial. Studies suggest that mycotoxin contamination can reduce poultry production efficiency by 5–20%, depending on the type and level of exposure.
Mitigation strategies
To combat these hidden costs, producers should:
- Regularly test feed ingredients for mycotoxins.
- Use high-quality, properly stored feed.
- Incorporate mycotoxin binders or detoxifiers.
- Monitor flock health and performance closely.
Conclusion
Though invisible, mycotoxins have a very real impact on poultry health and farm economics. Recognizing and addressing this hidden threat is essential for sustainable and profitable poultry production.
Sources: Available upon request