Interview with Khaled Abdel Nasser Awwad

The aviNews Arabic team had the opportunity to interview Khaled Abdel Nasser Awwad, engineer and consultant specializing in broiler poultry farming. Through this interview, the team gained further insight into the critical importance of environmental management during the first week of a broiler chicken’s life.

Why is the first week of a broiler chicken’s life considered the most sensitive stage in the production cycle?

The first week is considered an extremely sensitive stage because it represents the period of the bird’s complete physiological establishment. At this stage, the chick does not yet possess a fully developed system for regulating its body temperature. Consequently, it relies primarily on its surrounding environment to maintain thermal equilibrium.

• Concurrently, the bird undergoes rapid development of its digestive and immune systems – a period during which the yolk sac is absorbed, and intestinal absorptive efficiency is gradually established. Furthermore, during this period, the bird relies predominantly on its innate immunity.

Any environmental imbalance during this critical stage, whether it’s related to temperature, ventilation, or humidity, leads to reduced feed intake, delayed yolk sac absorption, and a compromised immune response. These adverse effects directly impact growth rates, feed conversion ratios, and flock uniformity. Most importantly, these repercussions are often irreversible later in the cycle, making the first week a decisive factor in the overall efficiency of the production cycle.

What are the most significant errors in environmental management during the first few days? And how do they subsequently impact performance?

The most significant errors can be summarized across three main points:

• Firstly, focusing solely on temperature while neglecting ventilation, which is a common mistake, particularly during the winter season. This leads to the accumulation of harmful gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide, causing respiratory irritation and reduced oxygen exchange efficiency, which consequently results in diminished activity levels and feed intake.
• Secondly, a lack of uniform heat distribution within the poultry house creates distinct cold and warm zones. This results in behavioral disparities among the birds, causing them to cluster in specific areas, a phenomenon that negatively impacts flock uniformity and growth rates.
• Thirdly, poor humidity management, whether characterized by excessively high or low levels, poses significant problems. High humidity leads to litter deterioration and increased ammonia production, whereas low humidity increases dust levels and adversely affects the respiratory system.

These errors do not only have immediate consequences; they also induce early physiological stress, which subsequently manifests as a poor feed conversion ratio, reduced final body weight, and increased susceptibility to disease.

How can an ideal thermal balance be achieved within the poultry house?

Bird behavior serves as the most critical indicator for assessing thermal balance; one should not rely solely on readings from monitoring devices.

• Temperature sensors must be positioned at an appropriate height of 10 to 20 cm above bird level in floor-rearing systems, and 30 to 60 cm in cage (battery) systems. It is also advisable to utilize precise monitoring devices positioned at chick level, and to distribute measurement points throughout the house to ensure thermal uniformity.

Bird distribution is a decisive indicator; an even spread across the floor signifies a healthy thermal balance, whereas clustering or excessive spacing suggests an imbalance.

• Additional behavioral indicators include general activity levels, feed and water intake, and crop fill status: aiming for a fill rate of 90–95% within the first 24 hours. It is important to recognize that “effective temperature” does not depend solely on the temperature reading itself. It rather is the result of the interaction between temperature, ventilation, and humidity.

How does temperature fluctuation impact birds compared to stable temperatures?

Temperature fluctuation is considered one of the most critical factors affecting birds, as it induces a state of chronic stress resulting from the repeated transition between heat stress and exposure to cold. This prevents the occurrence of natural physiological adaptation.

• Conversely, a bird can adapt to suboptimal temperatures provided they remain relatively stable. Fluctuation, however, disrupts feed and water intake, impairs digestive efficiency, and increases the secretion of stress hormones, thereby compromising immunity and heightening susceptibility to disease.
• These effects manifest as reduced growth rates, a deterioration in feed conversion ratios, and poor flock uniformity, which are cumulative losses that are difficult to rectify later on.

What is the relationship between humidity and temperature, and how are they managed in an integrated manner?

• Humidity and temperature are inextricably linked within the concept of “effective temperature.”
• When humidity levels rise (exceeding 70%), a bird’s ability to dissipate body heat diminishes, thereby intensifying its sensation of heat stress. Conversely, low humidity levels (below 50%) lead to the drying out of respiratory membranes and an increase in airborne dust within the poultry house.
• Furthermore, high humidity contributes to the deterioration of the litter and increases the production of ammonia and microbial activity, all of which negatively impact respiratory health and productive performance. Therefore, temperature and humidity must be managed concurrently by implementing minimum ventilation from day one, thereby ensuring air exchange without heat loss.

What are the most common mistakes made when implementing ventilation programs during the first week?

Moreover, failing to consistently apply minimum ventilation in addition to poor air distribution within the poultry house constitutes common mistakes. These issues result in the formation of stagnant zones where harmful gases accumulate. The most prominent error is reducing ventilation in an effort to conserve heat – particularly during the winter – which leads to a deterioration in air quality.

• Furthermore, it is crucial to establish a link between ventilation and humidity, as poor management of these two dependent parameters leads to litter deterioration and increased ammonia levels. It must be emphasized that ventilation is not merely a means of cooling, but rather an essential tool for improving the environmental quality within the facility.

How does air quality affect early immunity in chicks?

Elevated ammonia levels irritate the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, which is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, thereby facilitating susceptibility to infection.

• Additionally, high carbon dioxide levels compromise the efficiency of oxygen exchange and reduce the bird’s overall activity.
• Continuous exposure to these gases triggers the release of stress hormones, which act as potent immunosuppressants – a particularly critical issue given the bird’s reliance on innate immunity during this developmental stage. Consequently, this increases the likelihood of disease outbreaks and impairs productive performance.

What is the importance of dark periods in modern lighting programs?

Dark periods play a crucial role in regulating hormonal secretion, particularly that of melatonin, the hormone responsible for governing the bird’s biological rhythms.

• These periods help enhance immune system efficiency, regulate feeding activity, and ensure adequate rest.
• This allows the bird to channel its energy toward growth rather than expending it on adapting to environmental stressors.
• When lighting programs are implemented correctly, improvements are observed in feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and flock uniformity.

What are the key behavioral indicators for assessing environmental quality within the poultry house?

Three primary indicators can be relied upon:

1. Flock Distribution: As mentioned before, a balanced, even distribution of the flock indicates a suitable environment, whereas clustering together or scattering widely suggests an environmental imbalance.
2. Activity Level: Normal activity levels characterized by active engagement with feed and water reflect a healthy environment, whereas lethargy or inactivity signals physiological stress.
3. Early Feed Intake (Crop Fill): This serves as a precise indicator of the bird’s response to its environment; the crop fill rate should reach 90–95% within the first 24 hours.

These indicators reflect the quality of temperature, ventilation, and humidity management, serving as a practical tool for assessing the environment without relying solely on automated monitoring equipment.

This interview underscores that the success of a broiler production cycle does not originate with feeding programs or treatment protocols, but rather with the meticulous management of the environment from the very moment the chicks arrive. The balance between temperature, ventilation, and humidity, coupled with continuous monitoring of bird behavior, constitutes the cornerstone for achieving exceptional production performance. Investing in a proper understanding of these factors and applying them in practice not only leads to improvements in growth rates and feed conversion ratios but also contributes to enhancing flock health and ensuring long-term production sustainability.